The various entities in the GSM network are connected to one another through signalling networks. Signalling is used for example, for subscriber mobility, subscriber registration, call establishment, etc. The connections to the various entities are known as ‘reference points’. Examples include:

• A interface – the connection between MSC and BSC;
• Abis interface – the connection between BSC and BTS;
• D interface – the connection between MSC and HLR;
• Um interface – the radio connection between MS and BTS.

Various signalling protocols are used over the reference points. Some of these protocols for GSM are the following:

• Mobile application part (MAP) – MAP is used for call control, subscriber registration, short message service, etc.; MAP is used over many of the GSM network interfaces;

• Base station system application part (BSSAP)– BSSAP is used over the A interface;

• Direct transfer application part (DTAP)– DTAP is used between MS and MSC; DTAP is carried over the Abis and the A interface. DTAP is specified in GSM TS 04.08 [49];

• ISDN user part (ISUP) – ISUP is the protocol for establishing and releasing circuit switched calls. ISUP is also used in landline Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). A circuit is the data channel that is established between two users in the network. Within ISDN, the data channel is generally a 64 Kbps channel.

The circuit is used for the transfer of the encoded speech or other data. ISUP is specified in ITU-T Q.763 [137]. When it comes to call establishment, GSM makes a distinction between signalling and payload. Signalling refers to the exchange of information for call set up; payload refers to the data that is transferred within a call, i.e. voice, video, fax etc.

For a mobile terminated GSM call, the signaling consists of exchange of MAP messages between GMSC, HLR and visited MSC (VMSC). The payload is transferred by the ISUP connection between GMSC and VMSC. It is a continue aim to optimize the payload transfer through the network, as payload transfer has a direct cost aspect associated with it. Some network services are designed to optimize the payload transfer. One example is optimal routing.

BSC is a communicator between the MSC and a number of RBS. One or more torture in the system switching can be controlled by one MSC. BSC control each BTS / RBS to transmitter performance and implementation of handover to other cells in the areas of torture itself. Handover is the ability of MS to get a better signal quality when MS move from one cell to another cell.

Handover BTS / RBS there are two types:

Intra Cell Handover:
Handover, which occurred in the same cell.

Inter Cell Handover:
Handover in a different cell. There are two methods used to connect between the TRC and the BSC in the BSS Ericson, namely:

- BSC / TRC is a combination between the BSC and the TRC on the same Ax. This system is suitable for medium capacity applications and high sample area network and urban and sub-urban. Part of this can handle until 1020 TRX.15 BSC remote can be expensive from a BSC / TRC.

-BSC and TRC standalone.
Standalone-BSC without a transcoder is used for applications low and sub-urban. BSC can be handle to 300 TRX. While the TRC can standalone handled 16 BSC remote.

The main functions of BSC during the call include:

Locating
Evaluating the relationship to the radio MS and if necessary, suggest handover to the other direction. This handover decision based on the results of the measurement of the quality of the signal received by MS.

Handover
The function of locating recommend to the handover, BSC will automatically take over the cell which will be in handover and will start the handover process. Switching is done to provide good quality signal to the MS.

Frequency hopping
Frequency random that is done on a sector with the aim to prevent interference as a result of almost the same frequency of the BTS / RBS other.

Dynamic Power Control in MS and RBS
BSC takes into account the output power to the BTS and MS / RBS based on measurements received from the uplink and Downlink every 480 ms to maintain the quality of a good relationship.

Other functions BSC
• Radio Network Management: Contains cell data and information system for cell in the BSC.

• Radio Base Station Management: To configuration Matching Cell equipment with RBS, the system between RBS and torture must be the same as well as for the election hardwared. RBS Management also handle software maintenance device RBS and RBS.

• just Rate Adaption: transcoding is the conversion process information from PCM code (A / D converter) to the information in the speech GSM Coder. Rate Adaption convert information on the receiving end of the MSC / VLR at a speed of 64 Kbps, which comprises 16 Kbps from 13Kbps to 3Kbps to traffic and signaling information. If the Rate Adaption or without adjustment speed link to the BSC will be a four-speed data capabilities.

• Tranceiver Handling: handle signaling to the radio at RBS.

• BSC manage the functions of all the GSM radio from Ericson GSM system, include:
- Controls Channel radio.
- Movement / MS movement.
- Collecting data configuration cell.
- Collecting statistical data on the number of calls, handover and traffic per cell.

MS-Mobile Station Wireless communication devices that use the air interface which is the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) that connects customers with the BTS. MS consists of:

ME (Mobile Equipment)
ME consists of the radio functions and user interface and terminal equipment to the other. ME identification have a serial number called IMEI.

SIM (Subcriber Identity Module)
Contains information about users that can be used with ME. Access to that used to form a GSM smart card that can control various functions. There are a number of others in the SIM IMSI, TMSI, Ki, Algorithm A3 and A8, memory phone number, PIN. Communication that occurs from the MS to the BTS (Base Station Transceiver) is a radio communication through electromagnetic waves, and in transmitter MS from the antenna to antenna receiver in the BTS through the air interface.

Consists of 2 channels on the air interface channel on the GSM namely:

• UP Link (MS to the BTS) 890 - 915 MHz.

• Down Link (BTS to MS) 935 - 960 MHz.

Mobile Service Switching Center have important functions in switching communication in the entire MS in the MSC area. Such as setting up, routing, supervising calls to and from MS.

MSC-Mobile Service Switching Center functions:

- Establish a connection and traffic signaling.

- Billing: Recording of the duration of speech.

- Pagging: The process of giving signals to the BTS, which has the frequency with the same frequency signal MSC issued with the purpose to find the Subscriber calling.

- Handover: This process can also occur in the MSC. The process of handover to the MSC called the inter handover MSC.

- Access to the data base to PLMN (VLR, HLR, EIR).

- Implement security functions.

Data Transmision MSC contains Interface (DTI), which is implemented on a GSM interworking function (IWF). DTI to handle data functions such as data conversion rate.

MSC / VLR implemented on AXE as follows:

• MSS (Mobile Switching Subsystem) handle and to set up the call, charging implemented for supporting function and the gateway GMSC on roaming.

• MMS (Mobile Mobility and Radio Subsystem) handle up date location, authentication and chippering access to all the radio. handle requests handover and paging. Save information about the cell and torture.

• MMS creation (Mobile Data Subsystem) Save the data received by the HLR.

• SHA (Short Message Service Subsystem) Contains the Short Message Service (SMS).

Base Transceiver StationEach BTS coverage to a specific area. Here is a geographical BTS:

Cell
An area served by one BTS. MS will differentiate each cell that is by using the BSIC (Base Station Identification Code).

Local Area (LA)
The combination of several cell. One local area is also a region where pagging message emanating Subscriber to find it's correct. In one LA, there are more than one BTS, depending on one or more of the BSC and one still in the MSC / VLR.

PLMN service area (Public Line Mobile Network)
The combination of some of LA, which provides telecommunications service.

GSM service area
Regional network interconnection services, the GSM network.

MSC service area:
A geographic area from the GSM network coverage area is served by one MSC. Each MS can enter this area when it is registered in the VLR (Visitor Location Register) BTS is a radio device that is required to serve one cell. BTS system contain antenna, RF Power Amplifiers and Digital Equipment Signalling.

The process that occurs during the handover intra BSC as follows:

A). During the call, MS will measure the strength and quality of the signal on the TCH and the signal strength from the neighboring cell. MS to evaluate and assess the average for each cell.

MS send the results to the BTS measurements every two times in one second cell not only on their own but also the results of measurements from the BTS neighboring cell.

B). The BTS will send the results of measurements on the TCH to the BSC. In the BSC, the function is activated when the placement is required to handover to another cell.

C). When the handover is done, BSC will check whether the channel had requested be met by another cell, if not the BSC will be the new BTS to enable TCH.

D). BSC will ask the BTS for a long time to send a message to MS with information about the frequency, time slot, and the output power for the change.

E). MS choose a new frequency handover and access to the appropriate time slot.

F). When the BTS to detect the handover, the BTS will send the information contains the physical "timing advance" (the distance between MS to the BTS) to MS. BTS also inform the BSC to send a "message HO detection" so that point on the new GS is connected.

G). MS send a "HO complete message."

H). Last time the BTS ordered not to activate the old TCH.

Intra BSC Handover

If the MS move the area that these new areas in the Covered BSC with the other inter BSC the handover will occur.

A). Based on the results of the measurement of MS, BSC, which will be long decided to handover to the BSC. BSC from a long handover request will be sent to the MSC along with the identity of the new cell.

B). BSC / MSC knows where that control the BTS and send request handover to the BSC this (new BSC).

C). The new BSC ordered BTS to enable TCH.

D). When the BTS have the TCH, BSC, which sends information about the new time slot, frequency, and the output power to the MSC.

E). MSC forward this information to the BSC that long.


















Inter BSC HandoverF). MS was ordered to move to the new TCH.

G). MS send a handover to the new TCH.

H). Immediately after the handover BTS detect physical and send the information contains "Timing advance" and the output power to MS.

I). BSC confirm that the new BTS has received handover.

J). This information is forwarded to the MSC through the BSC, which has been shifting its point in the GS.

K). MSC inform BSC long time to turn off the TCH.

L). TCH old will be disabled in the next BTS.

During the call MS possible to move between several different MSC. Here is the procedure handover inter MSC:

A). BSC to send a request to the MSC handover.

B). MSC must ask the MSC which will serve for the next MS.

C). The MSC will send a new request handover to the new BSC also.

D). BSC new request to activate the new BTS TCH.

E). MSC receive information about new TCH from the new BSC.

F). MSCS forward this information to the MSC long.

G). Talking point in the new setup by the MSC.

H). "Handover command message" sent to the MS with information about the frequency of information, timeslot used in the new cells.

I). MS send a handover to the new TCH. When the BTS to detect the handover, the BTS will send the information contains "Timing Advance" to MS.

J). The new MSC, informed that the handover has been successful, and this information is sent to the MSC long.

K). Point in the new GS set up in the MSC long, and calls can be made. TCH long will the disabled.

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), is a digital technology, as well as with the split of the available spectrum to Discrete number of channels that remain, although each channel represents a fixed time slot than the band frequency that remain.

For example, which is a TDMA technology to GSM, Carriers that share the bandwidth into 2300 Khz eight time-division channel. GSM (global system for mobile) technology that is based TDMA.

Time Is Distance
Have you noticed that during a thunderstorm, you hear the sound sometime after you see the light? The reason is that sound waves travel much slower than light waves. We can estimate our distance to the storm by measuring the delay between the time that we see the thunder and the time that we hear it.

Multiplying this time delay by the speed of sound gives us our distance to the storm (assuming that the light reaches us almost instantaneously compared to sound). Sound travels about 344 meters (1,130 feet) per second in air. So if it takes 2 seconds between the time that we see the lightning and the time that we hear it, our distance to the storm is 2 x 344 = 688 meters.

We are calculating the distance to an object by measuring the time that it takes for its signal to reach us. In the above example, the time that we see the lightning is the time that the sound waves are generated in the storm. Then we start to measure the delay until the time that we hear the sound. In this example, the light is our start signal.

Google provides navigation applications based on Gglobal Positioning System (GPS) is free for smartphones that use the Android platform. Application called Google Maps Navigation will be available first on Motorola Droid which will be released for Verizon in the U.S., November 6, 2009.

Compared to general navigation applications, Google Maps Navigation has a number of advantages. New applications that can work on Android operating system 2.0 is not only provides standard features like GPS navigation applications display three-dimensional maps and directions with voice guidance.

However, the application also provides other features such as voice search, traffic information, satellite map, "street view", to photograph the object goals. In fact, with this application, users can find routes to a number of important locations such as gas stations or restaurants.

Google Maps Navigation presence is expected to be a major competitor navigation solutions are already widely available on the market. For example an application made by Garmin or TomTom. With that one application, call Verizon Motorola Droid as a challenger to Apple iPhone and BlackBerry-made Research In Motion.

GPRS NetworksGPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a technology that allows sending and receiving data more quickly compared with the use of technology Circuit Switch Data, or CSD. This uses GPRS technology, 2.5 G GPRS system can be used to transfer data in the form of packages associated with e-mail, data, pictures (MMS) and browsing the Internet.

GPRS service is installed on the type of mobile phone GSM and IS-136, although the current GPRS network separate from the GSM. GPRS is a packet-based transmission system for GSM, which uses principles of 'Tunneling'. It offers a data rate that is higher. Data rate up to 160 kbps. This chanel is used together with other users, so more efficient. In terms of cost, only to the volume of use.

Cost issued by the user depending on the number of bytes of data sent or received, without considering the many calls and user used this service. GPRS is a technology that allows the operator to offer mobile communication network and data service with bit rate higher with the low tariffs, making the data services become attractive to consumers.

The communications network operators now see the move GPRS as a key to developing mobile communications market into new competitors in the land that was once owned cable network, namely, internet services.

This condition is possible because the explosion of the Internet through the network cable (the phone) can also be done through the network move. As an illustration, a small, mobile services which has become successful in the market, for example weather reports, ordering food, sports, news and information to such important news daily.

In theory promises to GPRS speeds ranges from 56 kbps to 115 kbps, allowing Internet access, multimedia delivery data to the computer, notebook faster than dialup connection. This explains why in certain time and access to certain locations in GPRS very slow, even slower access from the CSD, which has 9.6 Kbps speed.

This may be because the channel is used simultaneously so that the bandwidth received a little more. The rapid growth of mobile communications to encourage the operators services to enrich the race in order to increase the range of services income for the company while still maintaining customer assets.

Mobile data communications, mainly for Internet access, it appears now become the main force. The introduction of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) has shown potential as a wireless Internet service.

WAP is a global open protocol that allows users to access services on-line from the small screen on the mobile phone using built-in browser. WAP work on various mobile network technology, which Mass market allows for the creation of mobile data services.

Now that needed a technology that is able to provide faster access and The ability are always connected to the network (always' on '). Overview that this would attract the operators. Here is a GPRS offers solutions for demand technology as mentioned above, namely, can to give the operators the opportunity to provide more data services efficient and the data rate higher and introduce services new to compensate for the decline in communications costs per minute.

Obviously, GPRS allows customers to create the phase relationship faster, stay connected permanently, using the speed of data more high and only pay the cost of each bit is transferred only. Consider clearly, that the trend of the market would not lead to any technology which is precisely to increase the cost or subscription rates.

In addition, all technology related to new services that will be marketed able to be implemented in the tools high volume (many used so that it can be produced large-scale) that the price cheap, such as phone The move is very simple and two-way radio call.

Optical Transmitter
LED (Light Emitting Diode), LD (Laser Diode ), IL (Injection Laser), laser.

Optical Receiver
Avalanche Photo Diode (APD), P intrinsic N Diode (PIN-diode).

Fiber Optic cable
Step index or graded index, single or multi node glass, plastic clad silica, plastic connector SC, DIN, Straight Tail (ST), SMA, Fiber Optic Connector (FOC), Bionic.

Connectors
Mechanics, Thermal.

Accecories
T_connector, star connector, through connector, coupling.

Pigtail
Along the fiber optic cable with a connector on one end and the end the other is connected.

Patchcord
Along fiber optic cable with connectors on each end.

Coupler and Branches
Tools for graft light into two or more, Wavelength multiplexer.











System communication fiber opticFig1. System communication fiber optic.

Applications of fiber optics is not replaceable by the media other transmission. Because it can send data with the big bandwidth and have some advantages:

o cable and has a small capacity which is very large.
o Lightweight and flexible (not limited).
o There is no influence of electrical.
o Have a very long distance.
o High Security.
o Can be updated in the cable itself, to bring their own voltage.
o Safe from the explosion.
o No electro-mechanical interference.
o No crosstalk.
o No noise.

Bit data and distance















Fig2. Bit data and distance.

Silica glass, which is wrapping fiber optics in theory have strength by 14 kN / mm. In practice strength 7 kN / mm depending on the surface defect. Below is some type of optical fiber used in the application:

o System telecommunications regular grade index fiber 50 or 62.5 μm for the core /125 μm thick to thick.
o Industry graded index fiber 100 / 140 μmdan 200 / 240 μm.
o High Bandwidth distance single-mode fiber 8-12 / 125 μm.

Complete fiber optic structure consists of core / core wrapping (Cladding) / cortex (primary coating) cable. Core made of glass, also made Cladding from glass but material from the different functions as a wave gauide to maintain fiber optics remain in the nucleus. Primary protective coating as a signal from the outside, especially UV from that can cause interference fiber optics. There are 2 types of cable structure :tight-jacket and loose tube.


Structure type tight-jacket

Type loose tube
Construction FO

Laser diode (LD) and Light Emiting diode can be converted from electrical signals a signal light (Electro-optical conversion). Both the oscillator high frequency (≈ 10-e6 GHz) and serves as a noise generator with spectral high bandwidth.

optical transmitter










Specs:


Both the LED and LD have attenuation low on fiber optics. Spectral width Δλ may be a while ranges modulation Δf will be maybe. At the 3 dB insertion loss of the laser diode is only 50% of the power of light transmitter in the fiber optics, in the 15-20 loss Db insertion of LED reduced only a few percent only.

Both the LED and LD have attenuation low Optic Receiver. Two types of semiconductor receiver used in fiber optic communication system:

1. PIN (P-Intrinsic-N).
2. APD ( Avalanche Photo Diode).

As well as the optical transmitter, the optical material also consists of semiconductor. Combined with a transmitter Gallium Arsenide (GaAS), quartz and silica fiber (SiO2) and silica (Si) receiver.

PIN diode
In the PIN diode, optical fiber is placed so that the light received a fall on the intrinsic layer of semiconductor material that placed between the layers and the types of N-type and P-type. Junction diode is formed by coating a layer, this reverse-biased and the amount of cash that flows through junction is determined by intensity light (photon number) in the entry intrinsic layer. Variations in cash that flows through the PIN diode as a result of variations in the intensity of the optical signal is received is very small so that the need strengthening.































Receiver Optical Wave
PIN semiconductor FO
Semiconductor PIN diode
Avalanche photo diode
Have a similar construction and operate the same way PIN diode. However, APD does not need a brace effect on the field in the module recipient. Internal gain of APD to create more sensitive, obtained through the use of reverse-biased voltage on the diode junction high. This produce an electric field in the layer of high intrinsic diode.
















APD diodeAt the time an electron removed because of a photon into the intrinsic layer, electric field will cause electrons to move along the layer and a high speed impact with another molecules and release more electrons, which then move along layer with a high speed. This process is called avalanche breakdown. Benefits of the use of avalanche breakdown is increased sensitivity compared with the PIN diode.

Components receiver is consists of Front End, Linear Channel, Data Recovery.










Optical ReceiverFront End
Photodiode: To change the optical signal into electric current.
Preamplifier: To strengthen the signal for the next.

Linear channel
Main Amplifier: Automatically controlled to limit the output voltage.
Low Pass Filter: Voltage to form a useful balance to reduce noise.

Data Recovery
Decision circuit: To compare the output of the linear channel to the level.
threshold and decide whether the signal is a bit "1" or bit "0".
Circuit Clock Recovery: Synchronous decision-making process.

Digital Kingston launches DataTraveler USB Flash Drive 256GB capacity of 310 is the next generation technology of the DataTraveler 300 which was launched in July 2009. "We saw an opportunity to encourage the production of USB Flash drives a large-capacity market. This is a very good solution for designers, engineers and architects who need the data storage capacity is very big but has a small form and easy to carry, "said Nathan Su, Flash Memory Sales Director Kingston.

"For the enthusiast users who want easy access to the collection of collection, DataTraveler 310 can hold more than 365 CDs, 54 DVDs or 51,000 pictures. The device of this next generation technology to make all the data collection can be easily stored, "he added. Next generation technology features of the DataTraveler 310 Traveler password software, which allows users to create zones and access to password-protected private.

Secure area on this drive can hold data security and 90 percent of existing capacity and does not need administrator rights. DataTraveler 310 has a protective cap locked backward that provide comfort when the drive is not used. This unit is only available in 256GB capacity and is supported by a five-year warranty and free technical support

Release of the Microsoft operating system Windows 7 pushed Sony to create a laptop that can support windows operating system only 7. One of them is X Vaio series is the thinnest seeded and battery life of the world's longest. Weight only 0.65 kg and 1.25 cm thick. In the usual configuration of the battery is only tolerate 3.5 hours but can reach up to 14 hours with additional battery provided in the sales package. So far known only use processors made by Intel 2 GHz, speculation Atom Z550. The width of the screen is only 11.1 inches with a maximum resolution of 1366x768.

Storage media using a Solid State Disc (SSD) 64 GB of DDR2 memory and 2 GB of RAM. Other features, the external data slot Memory Stick Duo, SD card, 2 USB 2.0 ports, WiFi, Bluetooth, and webcam. This laptop looks premium casing of carbon fiber and aluminum around the keyboard and track pad. Color choices are also elegant gold and black. Especially in the U.S. and Canada who became the first market, Sony Vaio X to be equipped with GPS that can be used without the need to have Internet access and internal 3G modem for Verizon network.

Create entertainment enthusiast who can not get away from listening to music, watching movies, gaming, and Internet versions of the iPod Touch with 32 GB and 64 GB may be an option. Varian's newest iPod Touch Apple introduced for multimedia lovers. Senior Product Marketing Manager Apple iPod Asia Pacific EY Lee said, the latest iPod touch iPod touch is not just but also a pocket computer, great game tools and access to Apple's App Store is revolutionary in more than 75 thousand applications.

iPod Touch has a user interface is a revolutionary multi-touch, 3.5 inch wide screen is gorgeous, Wi Fi, Bluetooth, built-in accelerometer and also speakers all of which are contained in a stunning metal design which can be incorporated into absolutes your pocket. 32 GB iPod Touch can hold 7000 songs or 40,000 photos or 40 hours of video length. iPod touch 64 GB which can hold 14,000 songs or 90,000 photos or 80 hours of video length. Compared with previous versions, 8 GB and 16 GB, the iPod Touch this large capacity existing mixes the Genius feature that can automatically create playlists of songs from the iTunes collection based on themes.

Like the notebook ultra-slim but less interested in performance is not as special as it was physical? In other words, longed dual-core processors in notebooks ultra-slim? Do not worry. Memorized the news that Intel was preparing to release a line of family dual-core CPUs for notebooks slim. According to Digitimes, Intel has plans to upgrade the notebook ultra-slim portfolio that includes latest generation dual-core CPUs before the end of this year.

Intel Core 2 Solo SU3000 will be eliminated and replaced with a Core 2 Duo SU7000. Pentium SU2000 will be replaced by Core 2 Duo SU4000. Single-core Celeron will be 'retired' and replaced by the Celeron dual-core SU3000. However Celeron 700 single-core will be maintained to meet the needs of entry-level market. The same thing applies to SU9000 at a higher market. Next December, Intel is scheduled to launch the platform Pine Trail-M for the netbook. However, this new product will be marketed to retail early next year.

Bamboo is the latest pen tablet PC from Wacom, made of matte plastic is widely used as the touchpad notebook. Smooth surface when our fingers touch the surface of the bamboo tablets. Wacom Bamboo actually does look like a large touchpad. Moreover, multi-touch, multi-gesture on the touchpad is now also combined in the bamboo. To zoom an image for example, can be done by removing the position of the thumb and forefinger. To rotate the image, do the twist with the thumb and forefinger. Clicking an icon? tap icon by doing it twice, just like in the notebook touchpad. Flipped a page to the front? Enough with the thumb and index finger sweep to the right.

Bamboo touch panel size smaller than a sheet of A4 paper, which is dominated by the touch sensitive area is about 19x13 cm (on Bamboo Touch). Touch the field is made of specially designed plastic that will not wear out by the pressure and touch again. The sensor is at the bottom, so it is not affected by pressure and if dirty, Bamboo can be wiped surfaces with a damp cloth. Users with long nails can not because the sensor is activated by the tips of your fingers. Bamboo provides ease in editing photos, editing video, painting / drawing, writing notes, to surf the Internet without touching the mouse.

Users can write handwritten notes as written on the paper in Microsoft Office, or in Windows Journal. Touch mode will be active as soon as your fingertips touch the tablets. But if the pen is touched to the tablet, the automatic will switch to pen mode. Bamboo work at cross-operating system, namely Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Mac OS X. Linux users do not need to worry because the open source operating system is also supported with drivers made by supporters of open source is not from Wacom.

Bamboo consists of four series, three of them are small, about half a sheet of A4, with black color. One again, Bamboo Fun big size silver color. Bamboo Touch features without a pen, and have the same functionality with Bamboo Pen. Meanwhile equipped Bamboo software Adobe Photoshop Elements 6 / 7 and Ink Squared Deluxe is also available, while the Bamboo Fun with Ink Squared Deluxe software is replaced by Corel Painter Essentials 4. Wacom Bamboo addressed to consumer. This includes children, illustrator, and photographer.

Barnes & Noble, known as the largest bookstore in the United States released an e-reader. Electronic book reader device (E-book) made by companies headquartered on Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, U.S. plan released by the name of Nook. Nook appear with a touch screen with control buttons color but black and white study. Nook uses electronic ink technology is also used Kindle and similar devices. This device will be sold online beginning late October.

It was not a sudden step Barnes & Noble entered the e-book business. Since July, the company has opened stores and online bookstores have been selling digital editions of books can be read on devices made by Apple's iPhone and the BlackBerry, including PCs and laptops. Nook can access more than a million titles of books, archives newspapers, and magazines. In fact, about 500,000 books and can be downloaded free of charge. Free books are the result of collaboration with Google through a project with a number of renowned universities. The books are so far not available for Kindle.

E-book market today is still relatively small but experienced rapid growth. Based on data Codex Group, consultant publishing companies, the number of the owner of the e-reader will be doubled from 1.6 million people in late August to 3.8 million by the end of this year. In addition to Barnes & Noble, Amazon.com and Sony first entered the business e-reader. Asus is also rumored to be up in this business. Similarly, Irex and Plastic Logic are developing flexible electronic display technology.

Whatever it may happen in the world. Asus action including this one. You may recall that last July that Asus has canceled plans to release its Motherboard P6X58 promised to use a USB 3.0 port. Well, now there was no wind no rain, Asus released a line directly to the motherboard already supports USB 3.0 and the latest SATA specification, aka 6Gps.

Product is called Xtreme Design P7P55D-E series, which supports Intel Core I5 and the latest Core i7. Unfortunately, Asus only provided two USB 3.0 ports, but ten USB 2.0 socket is also provided. This motherboard is one expected to be sold at a price of $299 US, while the expansion card was estimated U3S6 valued $29 US.

Increasingly varied forms of the mouse. New type is shown Jelfin quirky, and is called as the first of its kind. Round like a ball. A gel cover covering the entire surface area. To use this mouse Jelfin products, users should be gripped his fingers around the ball and not extended to the front like this. The shape of this ball, said Jelfin, obtained from the survey mentioned that many Americans prefer a mouse that is more comfortable than from their current use. In addition, these users want a new mouse that feels more natural in his hands. According to the survey, 67 percent of users thought that the mouse is more comfortable mouse can increase productivity and / or their creativity.

To help fulfill these wishes, the mouse is designed to fit Jelfin while in the curve of your hand so that feels more natural and comfortable. Bearing jelly, added Jelfin fans, making their hands feel relaxed and comfortable for long periods of time. Wrist and upper arm was not as tense as usual. Jelfin mouse is available in five accent colors: cobalt blue, crimson red, cadmium yellow, electric green and hot pink. His cover removable and replaceable.

Recently, VIA introduced a USB 3.0 hub controller VL810 first SuperSpeed USB hub controller that allows a single USB port shared by a maximum of four USB 3.0 devices with a wide bandwidth. One upstream port and four downstream ports does not only support the SuperSpeed, and USB 3.0 also known as SuperSpeed USB?, But also compatible with earlier USB specification and offers support for traffic Hi-Speed (480Mbps), Full-Speed (12Mbps), and Low -Speed (1.5Mbps). Another uniqueness, VIA VL810 is the first USB hub controller utilizing 80nm CMOS technology, and to reduce the use of this technology daya.Dengan time required for data access become shorter .. is interesting is not it?

Hewlett Packard (HP) and Microsoft work together developing cloud computing technologies. Both companies invested 250 million U.S. dollars to improve and simplify the technology services for businesses of all layers. "This agreement, which includes hardware, software, and services, will enable business customers to quickly optimize performance with the total cost as cheaply as possible," said Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft in a statement. Cooperation which was signed on January 13, 2010 it will be for three years. The next technology created by HP and Microsoft are the right steps to accelerate to the work of the users.

As the world's largest computer manufacturer, HP will participate in the design of data center infrastructure, applications and management tools. While Microsoft will do optimization software and services, such as Windows Azure and cloud computing platform with hardware, who made HP. "This collaboration will allow HP and Microsoft offer transformational technologies to our customers that will reduce costs, boost business growth, and accelerate innovation," said Mark Hurd, HP's CEO in a statement.

Some analysts and industry players believe cloud computing will be one of the trend in this 2010 year. With this platform, all services, applications, and data collected in a data center that can be accessed via the Internet so it can support the work anywhere and anytime. Applications do not need to be installed in every computer and unnecessary data capacity of large hard disk. With this technology, applications and storage can also be a service, so even small companies can enjoy the sophistication of the technology without having to implement it themselves which would require major investments.

Manufacturers of cars and high-technology companies to find new places to put their powerful computers connected to the Internet, which is on the dashboard of the car. The idea of the next technology comes from Intel and Google, the center of their interest to change the desktop to the dashboard, hoping to bring the PC capabilities into the car. They saw a huge opportunity to benefit by working with car manufacturers, making the latest generation equipment, as written by the famous U.S. newspaper reports on his web site.

This Week in Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, the two companies are demonstrating the sailing device featuring 10-inch high-definition video, maps of three dimensional (3D), and web site pages. The first wave of "infotainment system", so that technology companies and car manufacturers say, will adorn the market this year. Together with the navigation feature in it which is one option cost, this new system will likely become standard equipment in cars. Although the manufacturer does not recommend watching the video driver or use other functions while the car drove, but the driver is still possible to see the content of the information covers a variety of restaurants and music albums with just the touch of a finger.

Equipment that can seize the driver's attention when his car control is a topic of conversation because it was feared would be the cause of the accident on the highway. However, high-tech companies and car manufacturers state that safety remains a priority. They said that they were making or working on technologies such as voice commands, so the screen can simultaneously display a map for the driver and the spectacle of the film in the passenger front seat, like the new Jaguar XJ. "We also want to make sure it is safe and secure. This is part of our DNA to the front," said director of engineering electrical and electronic systems in the car company, Ford.

Samsung made a breakthrough with the release of a laptop with a transparent AMOLED display view. Introduced at CES 2010, this transparent laptops will be sold starting next year. "We have a lab in Seoul, South Korea, who worked to bring a laptop with a material that made him transparent," explained Reid Samsung Electronics America.

"Soon, in the future we will create an audio-visual products with this technology. We want to be the first in the market," he added. In addition, Samsung laptop IceTouch technology also uses an MP3 player with a transparent screen two inches wide. Users can control the MP3 by knocking the screen, while a video display on the screen goes ahead. Samsung said the 14-inch screen is a transparent AMOLED prototype widest panel is the first time there. The next generation of samsung technology is still in development.

Chip card that can maximize the look and at the same time reducing energy. This next generation technology created by NVIDIA to enhance the performance of the Graphic to save power. Nvidia reportedly was preparing a chip card called Optimus. card is created for laptop menginovasi current needs.

The company promises that Optimus can improve graphics performance, and designed to conserve notebook battery life. Also used to replace Optimus Hybrid SLI technology and Hybrid Graphics before. Another plus of the chip is Optimus allows users to install two graphics cards at once in the notebook. So that when users want to save battery life, users can switch to the card's integrated Intel graphics.

IBM's processor speed just grew stronger with the presence of next-generation technology of the eight core processors IBM Power7, which will compete with products made by Hewlett Packard and Sun Microsystems. In fact, each core is capable of executing four activities - commonly called thread - so this really one processor has 32 virtual cores.

The next technology that made the Power 7 is a combination of two IBM processor technology, the power with the Cell chip technology. Cell-based processor is also used for the various devices of Roadrunner super computer at Los Alamos National Laboratory to the PlayStation 3. "We took the essence of Cell program that helps the process of computation floating point and put it in the core Power7," said Bradley McCredie who is a member of the Systems and Technology Group of IBM.

Power7 designed to support the development of grid computing, computer circuit to double the speed of computing processes. This processor is offered in three classes each for the IBM Power 780 modular high-performance servers that support up to 64 cores, 770 Power for the middle class, and Power 755 for high performance computer clusters or high performance computing cluster (HPCC) with 32 cores.

Mobile code is a bar code that can be translated by software through a mobile camera. With this mobile code, ease in accessing the data without data typing. Mobile code can be accessed directly through your computer monitor with a scan using a mobile camera.






















In the code there is a mobile information that can be known by you or your friends, where you have the code-sharing. To read the code in the form of mobile bar code, you can use a bar code reader that is provided by the manufacturer mobile. Code mobile phone can be stored on the computer or on your mobile device.

Application code is applied by the mobile Nokia. Nokia that can use mobile code is a series N82, N93, N93i, N95, N95 8GB, E66, E71, E90 or 6220 Classic, N78, 6210 Navigator, N96 and 6220 Classic.

This mobile technology use full touch windows with finger for operation all function and using network GSM with frequency variation 850/900/1800/1900 MHz (Quad-Band). Data Transmission through GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA with speed 3.6Mbps.

Mobile phone is more practical in the operation of the finger. Problems that may occur is the size of the finger that is used when making the selection menu. For smaller size of the finger certainly easier to use this while the fingers of a great difficulty when the character select more meetings.

Size affects the speed of the finger in the use of this mobile phone. Touch screen with the finger is very sensitive, how when more than one finger on the touch screen will be a big problem, such as missing data, the data sent by mistake, and so forth.

This technology is good but I think this mobile phone is not like we can hold the mobile phone that uses touch screen with a pen or keypad, as if the finger be left out and then your mobile phone to become active unconsciously.

To expand the network provider to move the markets in which the solar energy level is more well, solar power is ready to play an important role in reducing the cost of services Cellular and ensure more reliable electricity supply.

Drive toward reducing base station power consumption, together with with improvements photovolataic cells, solar energy means that there is a solution that is now very excited to powering cellular base stations. Renewable energy for the site base station by the end of 2013 and the base station is expected to supplement on-grid with the use of solar electricity.

Solar power in the leading edge of energy in the drive to mobile phone network domain, but other interesting opportunities in the horizon. The power has in the potential areas that receive less solar energy, but less predictable. Fuel cells and compressed air hold significant promising for the long term.

It also considers the opportunity to integrate energy source into the main power source for cells site, with a focus on solar, wind and hybrid solutions combine update cells, grid-based electricity, diesel generation and battery banks.

Many vendors have implemented the application of WiMAX to provide a large bandwidth to meet the needs of data communications at high speed. WiMAX technology has been adopted by NEC for the mobile base station. Solutions provided by NEC corp for WiMAX to provide high data rate with low cost to the industry, Qos, and Interoperability. WiMAX provides high data rate for wireless broadband communication, using IEEE 802.16e protocol, and an operating frequency in the 2.5Ghz and 3.5Ghz.

The next generation of WiMAX infrastructure to provide backhaul Wi-fi more efficient to cover a wider area. The performance of the network operator will be increased, especially the provision of high-speed data with a better quality. NEC corp is a company that has been selected to provide the WiMAX base station in Japan. The development of WiMAX technology for the base station that has been done NEC corp is the right solution for mobile users who require a high data rate.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), namely Multiple Access techniques that separate communications in the domain code. CDMA is a digital technology without cable (Digital Wirless Technology), which first made by United States companies - Qualcomm CDMA is a some use of different frequency spectrum without any double-talk.

This causes the CDMA more resistant to interference and noise. To mark users that use the same frequency spectrum, CDMA use The unique code that is PRCS (Pseudo - Random Code Sequence) In contrast with FDMA (frequency Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), then use the CDMA and Frequency in the same access for each user.

The use of frequency and time of the same cause CDMA is vulnerable to interference. The greater the interference that occurs CDMA is a small capacity. CDMA bring great benefits that are above and similar technology another at this time. CDMA network offers the largest capacity for to serve more customers with the cost of the same infra-structure.

CDMA offer data transmission speeds higher among others. Every user / assign the user with the number of binary code, called Direct Sequence (DCS) when the call occurred. DCS is a signal raised by Linear modulation with wideband Pseudorandom Noise (PN) Sequence, so the Direct Sequence CDMA wider use signal from the FDMA and TDMA.

Wideband signal to reduce the work interesting and can make frequency reuse between cell progress. All the users are together in the range the radio frequency spectrum. These codes are divided on MS and BS called Psendorandom Noise (PN)



















Institutions that work with agencies worldwide industry standards and determine the needs of technical allocated for the program through the 3G system IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000) is a 3G telecommunications standard.

The need for network IMT-2000 is a number of improvements and capacity efficiency through a system of 2G spectrum and support data services on speed 144 kbps transmission minimum condition for moving (outdoor) and 2 Mbps in the a silent (indoor).

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Using technology spread spectrum to send out the signal information through the bandwidth width (1.25 MHz). This technology originally created for military purposes, using the digital code that is unique, better than the channel or RF frequency.

1). CDMA is resistant to interference and weather interference, therefore, very low noise CDMA so The sound quality is very good. Even in the pouring rain, which is also the sound quality is still within the limit that can still be tolerated.

2). CDMA can not be duplicated / cloned, because each customer is given different code (unique). This code is very difficult to track because they arerandom.

3). The capacity of CDMA subscribers per BTS can reach 6000 (10 times GSM). This is more economical in the CDMA frequency of use. All BTS CDMA operates on the same frequency, so it does not require The calculation of the complex in configuration. The amount of capacity per BTS make investment costs are very low.

In addition CDMA-2000 (1X) operating in the 800 MHz frequency spectrum. This will make extensive coverage of the BTS far greater than GSM. So that only require less extensive coverage of the BTS for the same if compared with GSM.

4). Power transmitter, which is very low (1 / 100 GSM) allows mobile phones CDMA baterei economical in consumption, so it can operate longer to talk and standby.

5). CDMA-2000 (1X) can send data at speeds of up to 144 Kbps, while GSM 9.6 Kbps. So that services can support SMS, MMS, gaming and down load data via the Internet.

This channel traffic to bring the Phone call and bring voice and form the MS (mobile Station) power to control information to the BS (Base Station) device customers. Forward Channel CDMA 2000 1X Forward channels include power control and power control bits that work for ask MS mobile Station) to raise or lower power transmitter.

The length of the frame forward channels of 20 ms, which is divided into 16 channels, each of 1,25 ms. tracks. Each channel has the power to control the power control bit, where the speed of fast reverse power is 800 bps.

The proliferation of online stores initiated by some phone vendors also make Google moved to create a similar service. Yes, the giant search engine and other software makers are rumored to be establishing their own online stores. Google is rumored to be starting this project in mid-March this year by holding third-party developers to make it happen together. In contrast to the Android Market, which is more dedicated to the application operating system, Google's applications store the user focused on Gmail and Google Docs to buy add-ons feature in their services.

"Google Solutions Marketplace is very easy to use for consumers to be linked to ecosystem products and professional services. We currently working with partners to provide other solutions for businesses," wrote Google spokeswoman. Google expects, this store became the new land for three Google developers in marketing applications. Although it is unknown how large a share of profits will be given. As an illustration, Apple agreed with the developers for the 70 to the maker, and 30 percent for Apple. Unfortunately, there is no clearer specifications about Google's online store, which seems to be dominated for the Google service that is enterprise. Including, among others the date of the launch of this store certainty.

A few weeks ago, Google bought reMail, a popular iPhone application is pulled from Apple App Store. Today, Google is making the application is open source. "After looking at several options to make reMail available in several forms, we decided to make the code open source. Application is now available in the Google Code as reMail-iphone under the Apache 2.0 license," said Gabor reMail maker Cselle.

"Along with the many people who like mobile email, I hope the developers are interested in making contact with an email application and can use the code as a starting point reMail," said Cselle. Cselle has documented the source code so developers can quickly begin to develop ideas that they have. "If you love and want to develop reMail, I also include a list of several potential projects with tips that can be implemented," said Cselle.

Needs a battery that can last a very long time for this moment multimedia device is needed to improve device performance, and it seems it will be fulfilled in the near future. The company in Japan are developing a type of Lithium battery that can last up to 20 years old, although used for any extreme situation. Research and development company named Eamex this claim would create a battery with 10 endurance charge thousand times, which can survive very long. The researchers in this Eamex been successfully using several techniques such as the stabilization process of the battery electrode.

This puts pressure on the lead in the battery decreases, thus making a good bond with the particles to slow down the damage. The process of making Lithium battery types will be preserved, even up to 20 years old. The researchers promises they make a battery capable of producing lasting battery lifetimes up to 10 times longer than the latest battery. The next generation of battery technology to survive 20 years but unfortunately technology is designed for battery Eamex who perform heavy tasks, such as those used in electric cars. But it is not impossible can be used for things like smaller phones, laptops and MP3 players.